Issues In Ethical Hacking And Penetration Testing Information Technology Essay Essay Example

Issues In Ethical Hacking And Penetration Testing Information Technology Essay Paper In this fast turning concern universe the growing of Information Technology is sky-scraping. Information is a concern plus, therefore it is really of import to protect the Business Intelligence and the confidential information. It may protect its handiness, privateness and unity. Information Security is more than protecting computing machine informations security ; it is the procedure of protecting the rational belongings of an organisation which engages with Network Security. The handiness of entree to stored information onA serverA databases has increased to a great extent. Most of the companies store their concern and single information on their computing machine than of all time before. Many concerns are entirely stand on information stored in their information centres. Personal staff inside informations, client lists, wages, bank history inside informations, selling, gross revenues information and more significantly their research and development secret formula or selling schemes may all be stored on a database. If they lack this information, it would straight impact the concern operations. Therefore powerful Information security systems needed to be executed to protect this information. We will write a custom essay sample on Issues In Ethical Hacking And Penetration Testing Information Technology Essay specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Issues In Ethical Hacking And Penetration Testing Information Technology Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Issues In Ethical Hacking And Penetration Testing Information Technology Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The biggest menace to concerns may be the people who make a life fromA hackingA or transgressing through information security systems. By utilizing their technological accomplishments, they are courageous plenty to interrupt into computing machine system and entree secured information. Hackers can even turn your place computing machine into a bomb ( Randy Jefferies, 2005 ) . Firewalls, which are intended to forestall entree to a computing machine web, can be easy bypassed by aA black chapeau viz. a hacker with the right tools and accomplishments. The breach can ensue a heavy loss of important information, or a virus could be planted and cancel all secured information as an interloper. So that is why Information Security Professionals plays a huge function in this Business Industry, because of this, there is an of import place for ethical hackers, who can support and protect the organisation against cybercriminals and even they are capable of perforating their ain system for the testing intents.When the inquiry arise that, is choping really bad? Or is it possibleA that there are times when hacking can be seen as good? Before addressingA these scenarios, the term hackers and moralss demands to be defined. So this is where ethical hacker comes in. Ethical Hacking and Penetration Testing Ethical Hacking can be defined as choping a web or a system to seek and prove exposures that a hacker could work and take advantage of the system. This implies, making it for the improvement of the house. This procedure is done to procure and support the system from cybercriminals known as black chapeaus with a lawfully authorised manner. The people who involve in ethical hacking are called as white chapeaus who are professionally trained security experts. Most of the houses employ one these White Hats to protect their information systems whilst some house s hires. The Computer offense is where the computing machine isA the topographic point of the offense and the condemnable activities can run fromA fraud, larceny, and counterfeit. Businesss who try to near the problemA have independent computing machine security professionals who attempt to breakA into the computing machine systems and penetrate as mentioned above. Both of these people, crackers andA professionals are ethical hackers, but they have different moralss. Negative observation of hacking, When is choping bad? In recent intelligence, a certain hacker who claims to beA known as Gwerdna hacked into a Mac computing machine, He even made remarks onA how easy it was for him to chop into the security and he has stated to interrupt into that library machine he merely took 10 proceedingss. ( Micheal Harvey, 2006 ) . The term Ethical Hacking can be addressed as incursion proving. This is a method of measuring the web or computing machine system by imitating an onslaught from a malicious beginning, a White Hat Hacker but act as a Black Hat Hacker ( Wikipedia, 2010 ) . These ethical hackers use these methods which can be identified and clarified as malicious package s viz. Buffer Overflow, Logic Bomb, Parasite, Sniffer, Spoof, Trojan Horse, Virus, Worms. Importance and Benefits of Ethical Hacking As mentioned above the ground for carry oning an ethical drudge, evidently, is to maintain information assets secure. One study conducted by Rick Blum, stated that It ( ethical hacking ) is really of import and helps salvage you money and repute in the long tally. ( Rick Blum, 2009 ) .Network testing is the most of import type of ethical drudge, because it is obvious the hacker can easy interrupt the firewall and acquire into the web. So web should be extremely secured. That s a ground why it is considered as a really of import fact for organisation because of the lifting cyber offense rates and the high growing of cyber felons. Since computing machine engineering has developed, the offense rates besides increased. The rational hackers have made mass devastations and losingss for many companies and they have damaged their database and leaked information. Had exploited the trade name image of most of the houses and damaged their trust on their patronage. Hackers have transferred 1000000s of dollars without any consciousness of the Bankss and their engagement. Even hacked into constabulary section s exigency aid desks. For illustration a group of hackers called Vandals hacked the New York City Police Departments voice- mail system and replaced the usual polite proclamations with You have reached the New York City Police Department. For any existent exigencies, dial 119.Anyone else we re a small busy right now eating some doughnuts and holding java. It continued You can merely keep the line. We ll acquire back to you.We re small slow, if you know what I mean. Thank You . The bogus messages continued for 12 hours before they were investigated and corrected by ethical hackers ( Donald Pimkins, 2000 ) Some clip ethical hacking will non uncover exposures of a web or a system. But there are a figure of effect benefits that can be derived from an ethical hacking procedure. The image below will give a clear thought of what are the benefits available in this procedure and how it can be prioritized. Referee: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.isaca.org/Images/journal/jrnlv2-06-red-teams-audit-tool-2.jpg The size of the menace depends on the type of the concern and how its tantrums with hacker s motivations. Therefore to forestall these sorts of issues and menaces in future houses employ ethical hackers. The term moralss will be clearly structured in the undermentioned paragraphs with the support of ethical rules, ethical issues, ethical quandary and ethical theories. Business Ethical motives Harmonizing to the survey Business moralss can be defined as a signifier of applied moralss that examine ethical rules and moral or ethical jobs that occur in a concern environment ( Gwendolyn Cuizon, 2009 ) . Many concerns have gained a bad repute merely by being in concern. By non being stick to concern moralss policy houses may fall in problem, if a concern is damaged by an ethical catastrophe it affects the underside line which implies net income. It is agreed that IT systems are put in topographic point to back up the strategic planes of an organisation which would be in lined with concern moralss. So that is why organisations see moralss as, a conveying competitory border to their concern. In my point of position in concern, the perspective position of stakeholders are different, they see there s what s illegal, what s legal but unethical, ethical but against company policy, non against policy but non in the client s best involvements, and eventually what s non truly opposite to the client s best involvements but is nt truly traveling to profit them furthermore. Which can be understood by the below image. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.gryphonshafer.com/blog/2008/08/business_ethics.png Ethical Principles and Ethical Issues Ethical rules can be defined as the foundation of ethical behaviour. An ethical rule arrives from the societal Context, from spiritual beliefs, and from ethical theory. These ethical rules can applied to computing machine engineerings that have an impact on people s day-to-day lives where they interacts in authorities, in instruction, at work, at drama land and exercise ) ( Penny Duquenoy, 2010 ) Some general ethical rules can be listed as Respecting others See others as equal Keep promises Respect the belongings of others Act candidly The rules can be addressed as below which relevant to Information Systems professionals and related engineerings officers. The Royal Academy of Engineering, in coaction with Engineering Council ( UK ) and a figure of the taking professional technology establishments, has developed a Statement of Ethical Principles to which it believes all professional applied scientists and Information Professionals should follow. aˆ? Accuracy and Rigor aˆ? Honesty and Integrity aˆ? Respect for Life, Law and the Public Good aˆ? Responsible Leadership: Listening and Informing ( Engineering Ethical motives, 2007 ) Ethical issues can be addressed as whatever threatens or interrupt an ethical rule is an ethical issue. For illustration ethical rule Respect the belongings of others Ethical Issue Hack person s computing machine without their permission and steal information and destroy it by directing a virus or a worm So by understanding this illustration an ethical issue can be clearly understood. And to measure these sorts of ethical issues in different positions ethical theories should be applied. Ethical Theories As discussed above an ethical issue can be identified and evaluated by utilizing ethical theories.These theories can be used as tools for doing ethical determinations, and they may besides helpful in supplying a footing for critical thought. An issue can be taken in different positions and formed sentiments with helpful of ethical theories. There are two chief ethical theories, Kantianism Consequentialism Kantianism The Kants theory can be defined summarized without traveling in deep. Kant says that how we behave ethically comes from within us, and the things that we decide are good or bad are based on whether we could conceive of everyone making them. ( Immanuel Kant ) So for illustration, it would be logically conflicting to state that interrupting a promise is good because if everyone broke their promises there would be a loss of trust in promises, and the whole nature of a promise would be lost. Therefore, he says, that certain things can non be universalized which means they would non work if everyone did them, and those things are incorrect. Examples are: killing others, lying, stealing, interrupting promises. Furthermore, in Kant s point of position, things that we view as wrong are basically incorrect that is, they are ever incorrect and there is neer any ground state of affairs where they would be right. This conflicts straight with the theory of consequentialism, which will be addressed following. Consequentialism Consequentialism theory can be defined as, a theory which deals with effects of actions instead than the actions themselves.So, and for illustration, it could be argued that stealing could sometimes be the right action to take provided the result is for the good . Theory says that a good result is that which brings the greatest benefit to the greatest figure of people . Therefore larceny, for illustration, is a morally acceptable act if it brings greater benefit to the greatest figure. For illustration, if a male monarch has a warehouse full of nutrient when most of the people in the state are hungering. In this case stealing the nutrient to administer it to the starvation people would be the right thing to make. So by this act a great figure of people get benefited. So in this instance harmonizing to consequentialism theory stealing is non bad while it to the full contradicts with Kantians theory. Ethical Dilemmas Ethical quandary can be addressed as moral quandary. An ethical quandary is a state of affairs where in moral rule or ethical duties conflict in such a manner as to do any possible declaration to the quandary morally unbearable. In other words, an ethical quandary is any state of affairs in which steering moral rules can non find which class of action is right or incorrect. Can simplified as you will hold issue and you will hold a solution which will take you to an unethical manner. ( Lee Flamand, 2007 ) . Ethical, Legal, Professional, Social and Cultural Issues in Ethical Hacking When we discuss about ethical hacking there are many issues which can be listed, which will originate in many fortunes. For measuring these issues and come up with a good solution or sentiments the above discussed, structured ethical rules and ethical theories can be taken off. This will evidently give a clear image to the reader. In this survey for farther more analysis two of import incidents will be assessed by me utilizing the both ethical theories. A Dutch hacker who copied patient files from a University of Washington medical centre ( and was non caught ) said in an online interview that he did it to publicise the system s exposure non to utilize the information. He disclosed parts of the files to a journalist after the medical centre said that no patient files had been copied. ( Sara Baase, A Gift of Fire, 2003. ) If we critically measure the above scenario, it is obvious that the hacker has committed a cyber offense and he should be punished harmonizing to the Kantianism theory which tells some actions are ever incorrect . Even though the Dutch hacker did nt misused the copied files he has break into the web and penetrated it. So it s ethically incorrect when we see in the position of Kant s theory. But if we evaluate this utilizing Consequentialism theory it will wholly belie with Kantianism theory. Though the hacker was non acquire caught he has came to an online interview to denote that there is exposure in University of Washington s medical Centre s web which can be easy attacked. So this good behaviour of the hacker shows that he has came to this determination refering about the improvement of the patients. which direct the theory an action is good If the effects bring greatest benefit to figure of people .If he has published all the copied files through the cyberspace the both parti es will be acquire affected, the patients and the University. The files may incorporate confidential information of patients and which they neer want to expose. So although this act can be identified as ethically right whilst its lawfully incorrect. Therefore by this action the Medical Centre gets a opportunity to procure and support their systems from future onslaughts. But a harmonizing to the statement A solution to an ethical issue can raise another issue Anonymous. May be this act is ethically right harmonizing to the theory of Consequentialism. But what if the hacker found some medical information about his friend? Which information is a kept secret? What if he tells him? What if the friends get to cognize that his confidential medical information has got leaked through the cyberspace? These sorts of issues can originate which will sometimes take into an ethical quandary. If we move to the following instance which is, A 17 twelvemonth old hacker know as YTcracker, who penetrated several authorities and military web sites ( including those properties to the Bureau of Land Management s National Training Center, NASA s Goddard Space Flight Center and the Defense Contracts Audit Agency ) said he routinely sends messages to authorities web site decision makers take a firm standing that they address exposures and follow Unix or other more unafraid systems can be penetrated, but the messages mostly go neglected. YTcracker said in his disfigurement of web site he targeted systems the authorities would look at and take earnestly and procure it. ( Federal Computer Week, 1999 ) Though this instance is Similar to the above discussed one, it provides a different thought. The hacker who has penetrated all these sites called YTcracker has merely one purpose that is to alarm and advise the authorities organisations to protect their valuable information s, Which can be easy breached and gained entree. If critically measure this instance harmonizing to the Kantianism theory. The act of YTcracker is ethically incorrect as it threatens the ethical rules go beyond the theory. But harmonizing to the point of Consequentialism theory the act is ethical. Because the hacker has nt done any harm to the authorities organisations utilizing their web sites. He has merely warned and notified them to do them more secured. So greater sum of people gets benefited, because there are most sensitive information s are available in authorities sites such as National Security, Military and NASA. So if the hacker leaks the information from their databases what will go on there are would be a immense job for the US authorities. But both of these incidents are illegal harmonizing to the Computer Misuse Act 1990 even they are ethical harmonizing to the theories. Because the hackers have offended unauthorised entree to computing machine stuff ( Misuse Act 1990 ) Ethical Concerns and Professional Issues When implementing an ethical drudge in an organisation there are ethical issues which engages with information systems professionals can be addressed as, Ethical Hackers have to interrupt the organisations security policy and processs. Violating the codification of behavior. Privacy of the employer and employees Secret Business scheme, Marketing Strategy and merchandise formula escape If we further analyze above ethical issues a inquiry may originate, Does ethical hacking is ethical? Before address the issues, we are tend to happen a solution for the above inquiry so if, we evaluate the inquiry by seting into Kantianism theory somehow its interrupting the regulations and ordinance, braking the houses security policies and processs, perforating the codification of behavior. So this act of ethical hacking can can non be ethical. Even though the professional hackers do it legally it can be unethical, Harmonizing to Kant s point of position. Sing with position point of consequentialism theory this procedure can be identified as ethically right, because it s all done for the improvement of the organisation. So there is no manner of knocking it. Firms do these to seek the exposures and support the full web there should be a testing process. So this can be taken as that. In this point of position we can make up ones mind it s all ethically correct, even though they break their ain codification of behavior. As information systems professionals point of position ethical hacking can be identified as a complete muss. Because they have to lodge to a codification of behavior. Then merely they are professionals. But when they are being forced to go against these footings when they involve in incursion trials there are in problem as professionals. Therefore as professionals who are expected to follow with local Torahs, sometimes they may hold to measure and measure ethical and legal issues against their forces values. There can be privacy invasion takes topographic point when they do a ethical drudge. Most of the houses hire an ethical since they do nt use one. So when he perforate their systems and web he can acquire whatever the information he needs from the organisations databases and webs. All confidential employee and spouse paperss and information can be seen. The ethical hacker is able to see all the weak points of the firewall. If the ethical hacker is non a professional he may assail the organisation subsequently when he needs. Or he will be a large menace. So these issues may originate. And even the secret selling and concern scheme of a taking company leaks the hacker can sell it for the rivals. So this would be a menace for some houses to carry on and incursions test utilizing an Legal Issues and Laws When sing about legal facets, the issues which was discussed in the above paragraphs can be brought up since it involves legal issues. Even though those incidents were ethical, it s wholly illegal, because it breaks the Computer Misuse Act 1990. This Act will be clearly discussed below, The Computer Misuse Act 1990 TheA Computer Misuse Act 1990A is an Act of theA UK Parliament. The Bill finally became the Computer Misuse Act in August 1990.The Act introduced three new condemnable offenses: Unauthorized entree to computing machine stuff Unauthorized entree to computing machine stuff with the purpose to perpetrate or ease committee of farther offenses Unauthorized alteration of computing machine stuff. ( Statuelaw, 1990 ) What if an ethical hacker pretends to be an inside interloper? He who knows the full web and secrets of a company. So he can easy damage and destruct the full information system. When these state of affairss occur harmonizing to the abuse act legal issues can be identified. For an illustration a disgruntled computing machine technician at Reuters in Hong Kong detonated logic bombs at five investment-bank clients, doing 36 hours of downtime in webs supplying market information crucial for trading. The Bankss switched instantly to alternative services and reported no important effects on their work ; nevertheless, Reuters was profoundly embarrassed by the incident ( Financial Times Limited, November 1996 ) so looking into these factors the organisation should be to the full cognizant of these sorts of menace which can be aroused. Sometimes Internal political relations may coerce the ethical hacker to do immense losingss for the house. When they employ for and public company. There are so many people in a manager board. So what if the ethical hacker gets an order from higher direction to works a logic bomb or make a parasite for of import information of the house and put the incrimination on another individual. For the ethical hacker this occupation is non that much hard. Even they may inquire him to steal other companies confidential paperss. This might do legal issues which will wholly damage the house s repute. These sorts of issues can originate without the consciousness of the direction. Social and Cultural Concerns It is agreed that in concern moralss there are tonss of issues as deeply addressed in above paragraphs and societal and cultural issues can besides identified as one of them. Social issues are about to impact on the society. IT depends on the society s reaction and behaviour. Harmonizing to the ethical rules houses should negociate with the society. If an Information System of a Hospital or a School got hacked, there would be immense issues in the society. As their sensitive information contain on those Information Systems. Similarly this instance may happen in a house. So when an ethical hacker gets involved in this procedure he has to maintain the trust on them if non the incrimination can be put on him by the society. So both parties get affected. The trade name image can be acquire spoilt in the society when their information s get leaked out. They will lose the trust and religion on their employer. And when the ethical hacking procedure gets leaked out there are opportunities of impacting the company s civilization. If there is a civilization there are certain values to be respected. And if this values acquire exploited by the incursion examiners issues may originate. And when they design these IS system they should esteem the values without harming it. For e.g. Pornography. Decision From the clearly structured survey, it is understood ethical hacking consideration is important to keeping a verifiable degree of information security. Even though there are tonss of issues in certain facets of Ethical hacking ; it is a critical constituent of our overall security plan which keeps the internal, contracted security. Ethical hacking is a necessity in order to protect company assets and remain near to the world of unethical hacking. It ethical hacking is really of import and helps salvage you money and repute in the long tally. Ethical Hacking is the best manner to measure the web from an foreigner s position. To cut down the addressed issues above organisations can hold their ain ethical hacking squad or hacker to forestall outside information escape and to acquire rid of the fright of that. I think ethical hacking is a must hold for any serious organisation today in this fast moving concern universe. It should be a critical portion of any proactive organisation in today s planetary competitory market.

The demand and supply essay

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The marketing activities of nestle

The marketing activities of nestle 1. INTRODUCTION In this report we are trying to investigate and analyse the Marketing activities of NESTLE. We have analysed the marketing strategies of nestle through identification of the Organisation Orientation, understanding the impact of the Marketing Mix, SWOT analysis and Competitive Advantage. 1.1 HISTORY OF NESTLE Nestle is one of the major food and beverages company in the world. It was established in 1867 by Henry Nestle, who was a trained pharmacist. The introduction of the company in the market was through the development of an alternative source of infant nutrition for mothers who were unable to breast feed and named it as Farine Lactee Nestle. He chose his surname Nestle which means a little nest for his companys name logo. In 1904 Nestle introduced its chocolates in the market. But when the availability of raw materials reduced during the First World War, Nestle purchased lot of factories in U.S and increased their production to twice as their pre-war production. Immediately, after the end of the war consumers switched back their choice to fresh milk due to which Nestle recorded its first loss. However they streamlined their operations and brought production in line with sales and thereby dropping the debts. The 1930s saw Nestle introducing several new products like Milo and Nescafe. Nestle achieved considerable growth after the end of Second World War because of diversification within the food sector. The sales of Nescafe instant coffee quadrupled between 1960 and 1974. In 1980s Nestle drew flak from many organizations on account of promotion of infant formula over breast feeding which allegedly led to death of infants in less developed countries. The boycott of Nestle products was suspended in 1984 after Nestle agreed to comply with the international code. Nestle had major acquisitions of the Italian mineral water company San Pellegrino, Spillers Pet Foods in UK in the year 1990s, and Ralston Purina in 2002. Nestle also formed a merger with Anglo-Swiss Condensed Milk Company with the aim of widening its product range and merged its ice cream business with Dreyers in U.S. Since its entrance in the market, Nestle has prospered in various product innovations and business achievements due to which it had become the major Food and Nutrition Company in the world. In 2010, Nestle was also recognised as the top 4th Innovative Company among the Innovative companies for food for by the Fast Company Magazine. Nestle has introduced a wide range of products like chocolates, soups, coffee, cereals, frozen products, yoghurts, mineral water, food products, pet foods, pharmaceutical products and even cosmetics in the family of NESTLE. They diversified beyond food industry by acquiring a major share in LOrà ©al cosmetics and acquired an American pharmaceutical company, Alcon Industries. In all these products one common outcome is the high quality of NESTLE. There are several important rules in the companys strategy. Few of them are mentioned below: While sustaining a balance in terrestrial activities and product lines, the firms goods are grown through innovation and restoration. The priority is given to Long-term prospective rather than to short-term performance. The aim is to deliver the best and most reliable products to people 2. ORGANIZATION ORIENTATION There are different types of business orientations: 2.1 PRODUCTION ORIENTATION Brassington Pettitt (2006:12-19) believe that production orientation emphasizes on availability and affordability of the products and thus production oriented companies concentrate on efficient production and distribution techniques. Jobber (2001: 4) says that production oriented management believes in attaining economies of scale as their primary goal by producing only a small range of products or defining business by its production facilities. In production orientation their key focus is on their current capabilities of production. 2.2 PRODUCT ORIENTATION According to Adcock et, al. (2001:17) product orientation is concentrated on products rather than needs and wants of customers. Companies following product orientation are interested in the quality, design of products which have greater value for money. Brassington Pettitt (2006:12-19) say that these companies assume that the customers are interested in the products and that they are interested in the quality. 2.3 SALES ORIENTATION According to Brassington Pettitt (2006:12-19) sales oriented organizations believes that the products are sold, not bought. They emphasize on personal selling and other sales techniques, assuming that the consumers are reluctant to purchase. Adcock say that sales orientation concentrates on promoting the products and that this is effective only for short time period. 2.4 Marketing Orientation: Adcock (2001) says that market orientation occurs when the customers identify the difference in a company and when all the benefits offered to the customers are measured. According to Jobber (2001) marketing oriented companies focus on the customer needs and for them the opportunities arise from the changing needs of the customers or market. Brassington Pettitt (2006:12-19) believe that an organization which is concentrated in its marketing and production activities with the understanding of the customer needs and satisfaction is market oriented. The main advantage of a company being market oriented is that it would have a higher customer value and there would be a consistency in superior performance in the business. Nestle concentrates on their consumers and tries to understand their physical and emotional desires. They have a wide range of products and consumed by all age groups. Nestle try to understand the economic, geographic and social factors which affects the diets of the consumers and try to concentrate on the nutritional and health value of the products. Example Nestle have used their research and technological expertise to their ice cream products to lower the calories and fats and yet to have the same taste (http://www.nestle.co.uk/ourbrands/productrange/icecream/). They have also introduced sugar free products in their confectioneries like Polo and lower sugar products like Kit Kat Light. Nestle also have concentrated on the lower-income consumers and made their products available at affordable prices while providing a diet compensating the local dietary deficiencies and including relevant nutrition. Nestle also try to understand the motivations, routines, decision making and purchasing habits of the customers by spending time with the people. Example: Nestle employees spent three days living with people in suburbs of Lima in PERU to understand their everyday aspects of their life, and based on their understanding they sold relevant products in the local markets and stalls (http://www.nestle.com/Resource.axd?Id=602C42FE-04D6-4669-BEE1-1027492FE5E8). Another example of Nestlà ©s consumer focus the launch of Jenny Craigs weight management programme in France on 8th March 2010 (Press Release 2010, http://www.nestle.com/MediaCenter/PressReleases/AllPressReleases/Jenny_Craig_launch_in+Euro pe.htm?Tab=2010) and they offer menus and lifestyle advise in response to individual consumer needs. Thus its clear that Nestle is a Market Oriented company since they try to understand the customer or market needs and produce products accordingly to achieve the organizations goals. And they believe that people are the main strength of the company. According to Narver and Slater (1990) marketing orientation comprises of three main components: Customer, Competitor, and inter-functional coordination. Customer orientation includes all the aspects of buyers in the designated area and competitor orientation includes the information about the competitors in the targeted area whereas inter-functional coordination involves the delivery of superior value for the target customers by the efficient use of available resources. 3. MARKETING MIX The Marketing mix is a set of controllable, tactical marketing tools that the firm blends to produce the response it wants in the target market (Armstrong and Kotler, 2001). This is mainly used by organisations to increase the demand of their products in the market by understanding the customer wants. Most of the marketing practitioners regard marketing mix as a tool as a tool for transaction marketing and the archetype for operational marketing planning The above fig describes how a company could by research and successful adaptation can understand and develop products to match the customers requirements. According to Baker (1999: 303), by understanding and matching the needs of the customers efficient management of marketing mix is possible. 3.2 COMPONENTS OF MARKETING MIX Impact, Positive and Negative 3.2.1 PRODUCT Kotler and Armstrong (2001) define a product as any entity that can be offered to a market by a company for attention, acquisition, use or consumption that might satisfy the needs of their customers. 3.2.1.1. Product Mix Product mix is the total range of products that are manufactured by a company. The major aspects to be considered in product mix are explained below. Research on the reciprocal effects of brand extensions suggests that failure, poor quality, or low typicality of an extension has an adverse effect on the parent brand evaluations (Kumar, 2005:183). In the case of Nestle, the sales of noodles dropped after it introduced Atta noodles in 1996 as the consumer response was adverse. A Nestle brand name on a product is a promise to the customer that it is safe to consume, that it complies with all regulations and that it meets high standards of quality Packaging: Packaging involves designing and developing a cover for a product in order to make it attractive to the consumers. Packaging was just a means for protecting the product in the past, but today increase in competition has resulted in the need to differentiate the product from those of its competitors to attract the customers and to describe the features of the product in order to gain consumer recognition. Poor designs can be one of the reasons for reduction in sales of a product due to less customer satisfaction. Nestle uses very attractive packaging as one of their main marketing strategies. For its efforts, Nestle has won several accolades such as the Silver Star and Best in category as Best Packaging Innovation leading to a significant reduction in household waste by the British Institute of Packaging for the Dairy Box biodegradable tray which is manufactured by using renewable resources. 3.2.1.2. Product Growth Strategies The emphasis in product portfolio analysis is on managing an existing set of products in such a way as to maximise their strengths, but companies also need to look to new products and markets for future growth (Jobber 2007:405).The most efficient way for analysing the opportunities for growth in an organization is the Ansoff Matrix. 3.2.1.3. Market Penetration Market penetration is the process of increasing its customer base in the existing market by winning over the customer base of its competitors for further growth by means of advertisements, promotion, price cutting, differentiation and seeking new segments. This can be achieved by acquisitions in the case of Nestle, when it acquired Kit Kat from Rowntree in 1988 (http://www.thetimes100.co.uk/case-studykit-kat-revitalising-brand-leader7-52-2.php) and Kraft Foods frozen pizza business in March 2010 (http://www.nestle.com/MediaCenter/PressReleases/AllPressReleases/Kraft+pizzas.htm). Nestle became the 2009 processor of the year by growing sales in Nestles SAs operations in the various operations through growth and acquisitions. 3.2.1.4. Product Development Product development involves the development of new product ranges for an already existing market for further growth. One way of product development is replacing the old product with a newer version. Another means of achieving this is to expand its product line thereby providing more choices to the customers. Nestle has opened a global Research and Development Centre in January 2010 for developing a new generation of Cereal based snacks and Biscuits 3.2.1.5. Market Development Market development entails the promotion of new uses of existing products to new customers or the marketing of existing products (and their current uses) to new market segments. Nestle has launched the Jenny Craig weight management programme which is an existing business for the past 10 years in the United States, Australia, Canada and New Zealand to the new market in France in March 2010. 3.2.1.6. Diversification Diversification can be achieved either with related products and markets or unrelated products that are totally unconnected with the existing products and markets. Nestlà ©s Product Diversification is clearly evident from its product portfolio where they have pet foods which are different from the other products. 3.2.1.7. New Product Development Development of new products is vital for the sustenance of any organization as it is essential for their growth. In order to develop a successful product, a company must have an understanding of its customers, the markets in which they operate and its competitors. The figure below shows the key steps involved in a new product development process. Idea Generation The new product development cycle starts with the generation of an idea of the product. The major sources of new product ideas may be internal sources such as the research and development team of the company or external sources like competitors, brainstorming sessions for customers, the suppliers and distributors of the company etc. who can all act as sources of ideas for the organization. Idea Screening This stage involves the careful scrutinizing of the ideas from idea generation stage to select the good ones and drop others by evaluating them against certain general criteria. Concept Development and Testing In this stage a concept of the screened idea is developed. A product concept is the comprehensive version of the idea stated in meaningful consumer terms (Armstrong and Kotler 2001:269). Concept testing involves the evaluation of the performance of the product concept by presenting it to the consumers. Marketing Strategy Development This stage involves the development of a primary marketing strategy based on the product concept before introducing the product into the market. Business Analysis This stage comprises of an analysis of the sales, costs and the projection of profits for the new product to find out whether it satisfies the needs of the company. If it does, then the product moves on to the next stage. Product Development If the product satisfactorily passes the business analysis then it is sent for product development which involves the development of a physical product by the research and development wing of the company. Then this product may undergo rigorous testing to ensure the safety and efficiency of the product. Test Marketing In this stage, the product developed is introduced into a realistic market segment. Test marketing lets the company test the product and its entire marketing programme- targeting and positioning strategy, advertising, distribution, pricing, branding and packaging and budget levels. Commercialization Commercialization of the product involves the introduction of the product into the market. The major factors to be considered in this stage are the timing of launching of the product and the choice of markets to introduce the product. Nestle has been at the forefront of developing new customer- centric health products and their researches are aligned with consumer and business needs. For example, Nestle has made the vital breakthrough in Nutrigenomics, a study of effects of food and the constituents of food on gene expression. The researches in the field have enabled Nestle to achieve targets for developing a diet to manage canine osteoarthritis in an improved manner. 3.2.1.8. Life Cycle of a Product The life cycle of a product consists of four stages: Product development Product introduction Growth Maturity Decline Product development stage starts with the generation of an idea for a new product by the company. Product introduction is the phase where the product is introduced into the market. For example, consider the case of Maggi noodles. Nestle India Ltd. (NIL) introduced Maggi noodles in India in 1982. With its introduction, NIL created an entirely new food category instant noodles in Indian market. Nestle attained the market leadership with this product in its category because of its uniqueness. Maggi Noodles Growth stage involves the period of the product being accepted by the customers and increase in profits of the company. The introduction of a new product can alter the structure of the market by creating new benefits (Shocker, Bayus, Kim 2004:29). At the time of its introduction in India, Maggi noodles enjoyed around 50 percent market share in its segment. Maturity stage is denoted by a fall in sales growth of the product. The profit also falls due to increased expenses incurred for marketing the product efficiently against its competitors. Decline is the stage where the sales of the product decreases and the profits fall drastically. In 1990s, Maggi faced a decline in sales owing to the increase in popularity of its competitors. It was also because of the change in formula of Maggi noodles. NIL reinstated the old formula in 1999 and also launched soups and cooking aids under Maggi Brand name after which the sales increased 3.2.2. PROMOTION Stanton and Futrell (1987:418), describe promotion as an important element of marketing mix which aims in informing and persuading the market about the products and services of the company. According to Baker (1999, 310) the method of communicating the product offer which is made by a company to match the needs of the customers and to persuade them to try the product is Promotion. They feel that the significance of promotion increases when the distance between the producers and customers increase and as the number of customers increase. Promotion activity does not depend on the demand; even if the demand is high promotional activities should go on in order to keep the manufacturers name before the customers. Nestle uses promotion as one of the major source to reach their customers to make them aware of the different products introduced in the market and the value of the products introduced. Promotion Mix according to Armstrong and Kotler (2001:387) also called as marketing communication mix consists of all the promotion tools in a perfect blend which an organisation uses to promote its products. Nestle adopts a promotion mix with a perfect blend of several different promotion tools to promote the value of its product and make the customers aware of their different products. 3.2.2.1. Promotion Tools PERSONAL SELLING: According to Stanton and Futrell (1987: 418), personal selling is mainly used when the market is geographically concentrated (Few customers) and when the products are custom made. It is defined as a face to face communication with buyers in the aim of pursuing the customers to purchase by Simon(). Its a one to one marketing. Tele marketing, door drops inserts, Door to door selling are all techniques used in personal selling. ADVERTISING: Advertising according to Groucutt (2005:215) is to communicate to a specific audience to stimulate action and its success is in the way the right information reaches the right person at the right time. Majaro (1993) say that advertising is any paid form f non-personal communication of products, services or ideas through a commercial media. (Stanton and Futrell, 1987) Promotion through advertising is mainly done when the market is geographically dispersed or when the product is standardised. Nestlà ©s advertisements are well known in the market and they have made sure that the advertisements are attractive through all the possible media. Internet is one of the latest media used by nestle to promote their products, where they have different websites hosted for different products. Different strategies for each product like online competitions and distribution. HOW ADVERTISING WORKS Tim Ambler and Demetrios Vakratsas have formulated a framework for studying how advertising works for a company. They have considered the input to be advertising own and competitive brands. Scheduling the media and message contents are the motivation factors or triggers the consumers response. Cognition, the thinking dimension of a persons response, and affect, the feeling dimension, are portrayed as two major intermediate advertising effects (Ambler, Vakratsas, 1999:26) SALES PROMOTION: Sales promotion represents non- media campaigns such as sampling displays, shows, exhibitions and contests (Majaro, 1993:35). Stanton and Futrell (1987:418) believes that sales promotions one of the fastest growing promotional methods these days. Free samples, Money off coupons, extra value offers buy one get one free, bundling, privilege points are all different methods used in sales promotion. Nestle also uses sales promotion as one of their promotion tools by offering programmes like every day eating coupon codes and discounts and offers for online shopping on nestle products. PUBLICITY: Publicity is a promotional method where the organisation is not paying for the communication about its products and is benefiting from it (Stanton and Futrell 1987:419). This occurs either through a non-personal news story appearing in a mass medium or is delivered by a person in an interview or a speech. Publicity is achieved mainly through public relations activities. According to Jobber (2007) sponsorship provides more opportunities for publicity in the media. Nestle is a well known brand in the market and its fame describes its publicity and the further publicity occurs during various interviews of officials of nestle. Publicity for nestle also occurs during the launch of every new products and when the annual sale reports are published. This publicity obtained by nestle is not by paying any of the media. PUBLIC RELATIONS: According to Groucutt (2005:224) public relations is a means of communication used by organisations to deal directly with the customers and vice versa. There are different departments in organisations which deal with all issues or concerns of the company with any other organisation or individuals. Nestle, public relation activities is evident from how they try to communicate with government organisations as well as the customers about the different issues that they face. Through public relations nestle try to bring to the attention of all the customers and organisations concerned about the various issues or concerns and the current approach they are taking towards these concerns. 3.2.3. PRICE Price is defined as the value of a product that we get in return for all the effort that was taken for its production and also for marketing of the same product. Price is the revenue earner so it is considered as the odd one in the marketing mix. It is also considered as an important market tool which is visible to both customers and competitors (Baker 1985). The price of a product depends on a number of factors like, changes in technology, effect of suppliers, competitive pressure and the increasing price sensitivity of the customers. Price is also directly dependent on the demand of the product. If the demands increase the price will also increase and vice versa. Consumers generally show a keen interest in tracking the prices of the products which they usually purchase. This enables them to analyse the attractiveness of the product and be vigilant about the changes in price of the product, thus enabling them to compare the prices of the product in various stores (Vanhuele and Dreze 2002:72) 3.2.3.1. Pricing of the Product Companies usually do not set a single price, but rather develop a pricing structure that reflects variations in geographical demand and costs, market-segment requirements, purchasing timing, order levels, delivery frequency, guarantees, service contract, and other factors (Kotler, Keller, Brady, Goodman and Hansen: 2009). According to David Jobber, pricing of a product mainly depends on 3 factors: cost, competitor and the market. COST ORIENTED PRICING The most common method of pricing of a product is cost oriented pricing, in which it is divided into full cost pricing which involves the calculating of cost of all labour and materials and direct cost pricing which involves the calculation of only those costs that are likely to rise as output increases. COMPETITOR ORIENTED PRICING The approach to pricing which only depends on the competitor rather than costs when framing a business is called competitor oriented pricing. Every consumer will judge the price of a product by comparing it with a similar product in the same range which is produced by their competitor (Kotler, Armstrong, Saunders and Wong 2001). MARKET ORIENTED PRICING Market oriented pricing is one of the important area which depends on competiveness of a product in the market. For a new product the positioning strategy controls the pricing and for an existing product price will depend on the strategic objectives. 3.2.3.2. Price-Quality Relationships Price is directly dependent on the quality of the product. As the quality of a product increases the price also goes up. Nestle is a quality focused company and hence to compete with current market it need to carry out the pricing process of the product very carefully. Nestle is a very successful company and all its products are at affordable prices. PRODUCT LINE PRICING Most of the companies usually develop product lines rather than single products. In product line pricing the management must decide on the pricing steps to set between various products in a line (Kotler, Armstrong, Saunders and Wong 2001). In product line pricing, cost difference between the product in the line, evaluation of customers and also the competitors products with small price difference is also taken in to account. EXPLICABILITY Explicability is defined as the capability of sales people to explain a high price to customer. In market customer demands the economic justification of product prices. If the sales people fail to give a clear idea of the product development stages, it will reduce the value of product. As Nestle is very innovative it needs a high financial support for its RD and it is not easy to give idea about the product development costs to an ordinary customer. COMPETITION Competition plays an important role in the cost consideration of a product in a business. The main competitors of Nestle are Heinz, Kraft, ConAgra, Mars Incorporated, Hershey, Cadbury, General mills etc. Since all their main competitors are also well branded, they cannot price a product without analysing the competitors pricing. But the main advantages behind their successful pricing are that they are very superior in its market position. NEGOTIATING MARGINS In certain market customer expects a price reduction in some products. Competitive discounts, fast payment discounts an annual volume bonus and other promotional allowances come under this category. Nestle and its negotiations with its suppliers made them to gain a good reasonable margin in all its goods. EFFECT OF DISTRIBUTORS/RETAILERS Well qualified suppliers and efficient retailers is also a factor which affects the price of a product. If a distributor supplies a product with high price or a retailer sells a product in high margin it will cause the variations in price of the products. Nestle itself agreed that their distributors are well developed and hence the company can control the price of its products. POLITICAL FACTORS Nestle sometimes blames the policies of governments for its poor reflection on the exports. Some of the government policies which results in increase in packaging cost makes the product less competitive in the global exporting market. 3.2.4. PLACE Armstrong and Kotler (2001) describes place as the activity of a company to make the products available to the customers. 3.2.4.1. Place Strategies The major factors to be considered while formulating a place strategy are Channels, Coverage, Assortments, Locations, Inventory, Transportation, and Logistics. Channel distribution strategies deal with the decisions on making the products available to the target customers in usable condition. A channel of distribution is the combination of institutions through which a seller markets the products to the user or ultimate consumer (Peter, Donnelly 2004:145). As the time and finances required for setting up a channel of distribution are comparatively high, the place strategies are often critical for the success of a firm. The channels of distribution can be of two different types on the basis of the targeted consumer. It may differ when the end user of the product is a consumer or an organization, the Consumer Marketing Channel and the Business Marketing Channel. Nestle adopts the consumer marketing channel where the products from the producer reaches the consumer through the wholesalers or retailers. Nestle has e-marketing for some of its products where the products reach the consumers directly from the producer. According to Donnelly (2004:150), the channel of distribution strategic decisions are determined on the basis of the following factors. Distribution coverage required Degree of control desired Total distribution cost Channel flexibility Distribution coverage may vary based on the features of the product, the market and the target customers. The company may opt for intensive distribution, selective distribution or exclusive distribution. In the case of intensive distribution, the company tries to sell the product through the maximum number of retailers and wholesalers. In selective distribution, the company may limit the number of wholesalers and retailers which are the best in that market while in the case of exclusive distribution; the manufacturing company may provide exclusive rights for distributing the product to only one or a few distributors. Nestle has adopted intensive distribution strategy in order to make its products available to a large customer base. Nestle products are available through a large number of retail outlets. Besides this, Nestle has also launched an e-shop for promoting its confectionary in Japan which allows the consumers to buy Kit Kat chocolates online. The coverage of Nestle is world-wide as it has a wide distribution channel and several manufacturi

Reinhold Niebuhr :: essays research papers fc

Reinhold Niebuhr Theologian, ethicist, and political analyst, Reinhold Niebuhr was a towering figure of twentieth﷓century religious thought. He is well known and is appreciated for many reasons among American theologians. Niebuhr had a very strong opinion and much to say when it came down to man and violence in regards to peace and war. Although he thought of himself as a preacher and social activist, the influence of his theological thought on the field of social ethics and on society made him a significant figure. Reinhold Niebuhr was born in Wright City, Missouri, on June 21, 1892 as the son of Gustav and Lydia Niebuhr. His father, Gustav was an immigrant from Germany and became an ordained minister of the German Evangelical Synod after graduating from Eden Seminary at St. Louis, the training school for ministers of the Deutsche Evangelical Synod of North America. His mother was a daughter of German Evangelical Synod missionary, Edward Hosto. Gustav and Lydia had four children, Hulda, Walter, Reinhold, and Helmut Richard (who is as famous as Reinhold in theological circles). Thus Reinhold grew up in a religious atmosphere in his parents’ parish of St. John in Lincoln, Illinois. His father considered himself as an American and a liberal. It is not surprising that Reinhold aspired to have such liberal values and follow in his father’s footsteps to Eden Seminary in 1912. With a strong impression from his father’s ministry, Reinhold, the favorite child of his father, decided to be a minister. By his decision, Reinhold studied in the Evangelical pro-seminar, Elmhurst College, near Chicago, which provided him with foundations of liberal arts and languages, from 1907 to 1910, and then he moved to Eden Seminary at St. Louis, following his father’s path. After graduating from Eden Seminary, he encountered a serious money problem because of his father’s sudden death in the spring of 1913. In the same year, Niebuhr became an ordained minister of the German Evangelical Synod. Then he attended Yale Divinity School with a scholarship and received a Bachelor of Divinity in 1914 and his final degree of Master of Arts from Yale University in 1915. His professional life began with the ministry. In 1915, the mission board of his denomination sent him to Detroit as pastor where he served for thirteen years. The congregation numbered sixty-five when he arrived and grew to nearly seven hundred when he left. His witness of working class life in his ministry with American automobile industry laborers in Detroit gave him a critical view of capitalism and made him an advocator of socialism concerning social and economic reality.

Master and the Margaritas – an Analysis of “Bezdomny”

The Master and the Margarita â€Å"Locomotor and speech excitation, delirious interpretations, complex case, it seems. Schizophrenia plus alcoholism, disturbed imagination and hallucinations†. This was doctor Stravinsky’s diagnosis of Ivan Nikolayevich Ponyrov after his super natural encounters with Professor Woland. Ponyrov, also known as â€Å"Homeless† is a character of character of great interest especially on the topic of magical realism and the lunacy institutionalized belief systems in Soviet Russia as well as the modern western society, that make Ponyrov one of Bulgakov’s most interesting characters.This paper is interested in exploring the role of Ponyrov in Michael Bulgakov’s The Master and Margaritas with the focus on what kind of social representation Ponyrov was intended to represent in the novel. This paper is constructed in attempt to relate the historical relevance of phantasmagoria characters from The Master and Margeritas to its pa rallel narratives in 1930s Russia, showing that the character of Ponyrov is a reflection victimization of societal and institutional absurdity such as Stalin’s Great Purge during the early years of Soviet Russia.The story of The Master and Margaritas took place in 1930s Moscow, though the story is restricted to neither the realm of reality nor this specific time period as the story blends and weaves between the story of Jesus in ancient Roman Empire and industrial Russia. The novel’s beginning holds particular importance in understanding Ponyrov (or â€Å"homeless†) as introduce the reader to two worlds, both full of censorship and political prosecution.Before the Devil’s introduction as a foreign Professor name Woland, this world seemed to follow the laws of physics, thus at the beginning of the novel it seemed to be a realist story, complying with modern communist and realist doctrines on gothic literature. The story eventually morphs two fantastic real ms as Professor Woland slyly brought in several fantastic/theological elements to atheist-anti religious believers such as our character of focus, Ivan Nikolayevich Ponyrov. This no doubt created disbelief and tension between the non-believers (Berlioz and Bezdomny).It is at this point when some of the Omni-type qualities in Bezdomny are first reveled. Bezdomny, in his reaction to seeing what happened to Berlioz and his dialog with the Devil showed us he is the character type that represents; a believer in the status quo, which at the time was the atheist outlook on the existence of Jesus Christ; a law abiding citizen and a defender of soviet beliefs. Later when he went on his unfortunate adventure to confirm what he experienced to the authorities, Bezdomny was sent to a mental institutional.It is this betrayal of a society toward an individual when the individual has done nothing wrong. Bulgakov was very conscious of the fear of political prosecution in Soviet Russia during the tim e he wrote The Master and Margaritas as he himself fear the implications his novel would have for him. Therefore it is very interesting to focus on the subtle hints of political advocacy rebelling against the state. Back in the story the chaos induced by Satan disguised as Professor Rowland Satan, ominously flipped Ponyrov’s world upside down, creating horrible internally confusions in Ponyrov.Having just being confronted that his core belief in religion false and later having had to witness the horrific death of someone he knew, his reaction to all these changes are arguably the most relatable and seemingly sensible from the perspective of a rational reader. Yet, his misfortune had only began, Ponyrov was condemned insane and segregated from ‘normal’ society by the society he thought to be fair and rational. As a young poet, who before the strange events at Patriarch Pond was still a promising poet who is living a good life or a life without prosecution.It is th e sudden change in the story we see not only the introduction of magic realism in the novel but it also shows the drastic change of reality for many political activists, intelligentsias, and academics in Russia since the October Revolution. That particular demography is presented in Bezdomny. Bulgakov’s excellence in this piece is his ability to avoid political prosecution for his own work and through satire and the disguise of a ‘alter reality’ to construct a realistic representation of soviet political prosecution during Stalin’s censorship and political purge.Bulgakov was not able to publish ‘The Master and Margaritas’ as he would have liked because he too was a victim of Soviet censorship. This piece was first rejected by the editorial board as it was too radical at the time and the publish version was only submitted after editing many potentially offensive parts to the Soviet Government. The theme of censorship is quite noticeable and by understanding Bulgakov’s history and his own personal relationship dealing with censorship, its evident the â€Å"master† in the story is really Bulgakov himself.The master and Bezdomny were both considered insane by their society, and the standard qualification for admission in a mental institution is a reflection on the standard, which the editorial board qualify as work accepted or work rejected. Bulgakov tried to show that the two institutions, editorial board and mental institution is really both a method of censorship and political purge. In the logical of a paranoid dictator, Stalin was be very sensitive about individuals thinking ‘outside the box’ , especially a creative and provocative writer like Bulgakov.The most provocative element in creating Bezdomny as a character is probably his interactions with the master in the mental institution they were both forced to attend. At this point in the novel, the readers should already have a firm understan ding that neither Bezdomny nor the Master actually have any mental illness. The conversations between Bezdomny and the Master over the Master novel seemed coherent and logical. As to the magical elements that made them seem crazy, Bezdomny especially was not the archetype but merely the observer of absurdities that were happening around him which made him seem crazy.It is this powerful mental experiment that Bulagkov embark the readers on so we are conditioned to resonate with Bezdomny in feeling helpless and wronged. As a reader, it was difficult not to feel trapped and powerless while reading this section, and this is in part a product of the form of narration Bulgakov uses in the novel. The story, apart from dialogs between characters is told in through mostly an omniscient narrator, whom the readers have no knowledge of. The combination of the narration techniques Bulgakov used was able to achieve a cinematic reading experience as one follow through the four short days the story cover.

Free Essays on Against The Evil Genius

In Descartes ¡Ã‚ ¦ first meditation he spends the majority of his time in an attempt to disprove some fundamental beliefs. He argues that his senses are, at times, misguiding as they lead him to take some falsities for truths. He also states in his  ¡Ã‚ §dream theory ¡Ã‚ ¨ that it is sometimes impossible to discern waking reality from dreaming reality. All of these instances of miscued reality lead Descartes to an alternative hypothesis, the evil genius argument. This  ¡Ã‚ §evil genius ¡Ã‚ ¨ argument states that there is an all-powerful, all-knowing, and all-clever being causing us to believe in a false reality set up by himself, the evil genius. In the evil genius argument, Descartes abandons all previous beliefs of a benevolent, caring, and supremely good god and replaces it with this idea of an evil genius, whose sole purpose is to deceive Descartes. Later on in Meditation VI Descartes makes a stand against his evil genius theory relying on the idea of God as backing. He makes the statement that God has given him reasons to believe in the physical existence of reality. However, there is no way to disprove that physical existence. If the external physical world familiar to Descartes did not exist, then that would make God a deceiver. Under our supremely good view of God, the notion of him being deceitful in nature would certainly be untrue. The conclusion of this would be that the external physical world is in existence, in essence disproving the evil genius argument. P = No physical world exists. G = God is a deceiver. If P „ ³ G ~G______ ~P (Modus Tollens) In defense of the evil genius argument, a problem is raised in regards to the second premise, stating that God is certainly no deceiver. Given that god is our omniscient, omnipotent, omnipresent, and benevolent caretaker, anyone would certainly agree that he is as well, no deceiver. However, what if Gods characteristic of being perfectly good contradicted his ... Free Essays on Against The Evil Genius Free Essays on Against The Evil Genius In Descartes ¡Ã‚ ¦ first meditation he spends the majority of his time in an attempt to disprove some fundamental beliefs. He argues that his senses are, at times, misguiding as they lead him to take some falsities for truths. He also states in his  ¡Ã‚ §dream theory ¡Ã‚ ¨ that it is sometimes impossible to discern waking reality from dreaming reality. All of these instances of miscued reality lead Descartes to an alternative hypothesis, the evil genius argument. This  ¡Ã‚ §evil genius ¡Ã‚ ¨ argument states that there is an all-powerful, all-knowing, and all-clever being causing us to believe in a false reality set up by himself, the evil genius. In the evil genius argument, Descartes abandons all previous beliefs of a benevolent, caring, and supremely good god and replaces it with this idea of an evil genius, whose sole purpose is to deceive Descartes. Later on in Meditation VI Descartes makes a stand against his evil genius theory relying on the idea of God as backing. He makes the statement that God has given him reasons to believe in the physical existence of reality. However, there is no way to disprove that physical existence. If the external physical world familiar to Descartes did not exist, then that would make God a deceiver. Under our supremely good view of God, the notion of him being deceitful in nature would certainly be untrue. The conclusion of this would be that the external physical world is in existence, in essence disproving the evil genius argument. P = No physical world exists. G = God is a deceiver. If P „ ³ G ~G______ ~P (Modus Tollens) In defense of the evil genius argument, a problem is raised in regards to the second premise, stating that God is certainly no deceiver. Given that god is our omniscient, omnipotent, omnipresent, and benevolent caretaker, anyone would certainly agree that he is as well, no deceiver. However, what if Gods characteristic of being perfectly good contradicted his ...

Verb Tenses in English - ESL Overview

Verb Tenses in English - ESL Overview In English grammar, verb tenses or forms indicate the moment when something happens, such as the past, present, or future. These three primary forms can be subdivided further to add detail and specificity, such as whether the action is ongoing or to describe the order in which events occurred. For example, the present simple verb tense concerns actions that happen every day, while the past simple verb tense refers to something that happens in the past. In all, there are 13 tenses. Verb Tense Chart Here are simple explanations of the tenses in English that give the most common use of each tense in English. There are a number of exceptions to the rules, other uses for certain tenses in English and so on. Each tense has examples, a link to a page that goes into detail for each tense in English, as well as a visual tense chart and a quiz to check your understanding. Simple present: things that happen every day. He usually goes for a walk every afternoon. Petra doesnt work in the city. Where do you live? Simple past:  something that happened at some time in the past. Jeff bought a new car last week. Peter didnt go to the meeting yesterday. When did you leave for work? Simple future: paired with will  to express a future act. She will come to the meeting tomorrow. They wont help you. Will you come to the party? Simple future: paired with going to to indicate future plans. Im going to visit my parents in Chicago next week. Alice isnt going to attend the conference. When are you going to leave? Present perfect: something that began in the past and continues into the present. Tim has lived in that house for 10  years. She hasnt played golf for long. How long have you been married? Past perfect: what happened before something else in the past. Jack had already eaten when he arrived. I hadnt finished the report when my boss asked for it. Had you spent all your money? Future perfect: what will have happened up to a point in the future. Brian will have finished the report by five oclock. Susan wont have driven far by the end of the evening. How many years will you have studied by the time you get your degree? Present continuous:  what is happening at the moment. Im working at the computer at the moment. He isnt sleeping now. Are you working? Past continuous: what was happening at a specific moment in the past. I was playing tennis at 7 p.m. She wasnt watching TV when he called. What were you doing at that time? Future continuous: what will be happening at a specific moment in the future. I will be lying on the beach this time next week. She wont be having any fun this time tomorrow. Will you be working this time tomorrow? Present perfect continuous: what has been happening up to the present moment in time. Ive been working for three hours. She hasnt been working in the garden for long. How long have you been cooking? Past perfect continuous: what had been happening up to a specific moment in the past. They had been working for three hours by the time he arrived. We hadnt been playing golf for long. Had you been working hard when he asked for it? Future perfect continuous: what will be happening up to a specific moment in the future. They will have been working for eight hours by the end of the day. She wont have been studying for very long when she takes the test. How long will you have been playing that game by the time you finish? More Resources If you want to continue your studies, this  tense table  will help you learn more about verb tenses. Educators can find activities and lesson plans in this guide to teaching tenses.

Issues in Human Sexuality Unit 3 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Issues in Human Sexuality Unit 3 - Essay Example Despite this fact, I would state my agreement with the statute based on objective arguments culled from empirical evidence and not because of some emotional bias and the influence of popular sentiment. To understand my standpoint, it is imperative for us to explore the rationale behind the chemical castration. Here, using drugs such as the Depo-Provera or the Tamoxifen, the law seeks to prevent sexual molestation by inhibiting hormones that produces the testosterone or the aromatase enzyme in male offenders. The idea is that when the sexual urge in the offenders are lessened it is expected that the likelihood of committing the crime again is also reduced. Background The Megan’s Law has been the statute that we relied on to keep our children safe from child molesters. The statute requires the identification of sex offenders publicly mainly for preventive purposes. Unfortunately, as years passed statistics reflected a disturbing experience as the logistical demands of enforcing the law is difficult for state governments. A 1998 federal court ruling in New York is one of such illustrations. Here, the state is required to provide the court with the determination of the risk level identification of sex offenders. However, by 2004 the huge number of cases that needed hearing in line with such directive created an unwieldy backlog and in an attempt to fast track the hearings, the risk levels of all offenders were reduced to Level 1, the lowest risk level. (Schultz, p. 185) The effect is that justice is delayed and there is a risk of error in its dispensation.

Argos success in Oligopolistic market Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Argos success in Oligopolistic market - Essay Example Argos is the market leader in the home retail group and it is considered as the largest and the most popular market leader in the market and home merchandise market. Argos is regarded as the leader in the digital retail and it is offering more than 33000 products and it is one of the most famous and largest online retailers in the UK. Argos mainly considers the function of cost for considering the different forms in the economies of scale. In order to match in the market to gain competitive advantage and survive in the market the company faces or encounters competition in the services that are being provided by Argos which is generally of superior value. The oligopoly market comprises of the following factors such as interdependency, losses that are sustained, abnormal profit and reserves and the market power. In case of Argos, it reflects and focuses on the innovation, performance, and investment in the products and services that are mainly provided by Argos. Taking into considerati on the competitive prices of offering various products and services of Argos it can be observed that the regulatory agency is mainly responsible for maintaining and also controlling the price of the products and services that are offered by Argos. The regulation of price is considered as a very complex and critical issue and therefore it is required to supervise the operation and the services of Argos. Argos which is considered as the largest and the most well-known home retail group in the world mainly measures its performance.