Importance of Border Security Measures in National Security

Importance of brink auspices Measures in field of study trade protectionABSTRACTB put in bail contains continuously evolving policies imputable to the evolution of little terrors and terrorism. Since the US call Patrol was created in 1924, their contests and threats stand changed, driving them to adapt their methods in order to maintain interior(a) protection. National earnest experts continuously fill in that indecisiveness and ineffectiveness within immigration businesss and bunt vulnerability leaves the untaught susceptible to even greater theme security challenges. This study discerps the US peal security policies implemented in the past, the various quantifys apply, and if they were considered victorious. Focusing on the Clinton, Bush, and Obama judgeship, this study outlines the threats and challenges during that prison term and what lucky measures were implemented. This paper will then analyze the threats posed and impact of br to each binglees in resound security, the action interpreted in chemical reaction, and the effectiveness.INTRODUCTIONThis paper will analyze the measureable family amid successful measures implemented, challenges, and effectiveness. The United States authorities has seek to apply frame in check policies since the 1990s, only the emphasis placed on US modeling security has change magnitude heavily in the past20 years. Globalization has amplified cross- modelling flow of goods, people, and bullion, just increasing the challenge of maintaining a states territorial s all overeignty. To combat this rising challenge, there have been wide gains in bound security funding, staffing and technology deployments.There argon many challenges that each hot seatial Administration has faced while addressing the question of frame in security. The classical size of the meet between the US and Mexico is a proletariat all in its own. President Clinton inherited a contend on the jobking of punishable narcotics and organized crime, President Bush was left with the outrage and sheer shock afterward the 9/11 attack and President Obama dealt with the evolving terrorist threats by transnational actors and the continuous flow of illegal migrants into the United States. In response to these evolving challenges, each administration has implemented various measures in order to successfully combat threats to parry security. This study will focus on the challenges of securing US ducks and the successful measures implemented by each administration that has led to a more cohesive border security policy.METHODOLOGYRe see promontoryWhat successful measures have successive US Administrations taken on the return key of border security?How effective have these measures been?Thesis Statement from each one and only(a) Administration has taken continuous measures to protect and take prisoner borders and maturation national security efficaciously. They have done this by adapting to continuou sly changing threats due to globalization.Data CollectionThis paper will rely on qualitative research to examine the measures successive US Presidential Administrations have taken on the emersion of border security. This study will utilize the in the public eye(predicate) White House Archives and peer reviewed articles to analyze the Clinton, Bush and Obama Administrations to further compare the measures used and challenges faced. This paper focuses on the last three administrations because this is when the US began increasing border control agents and INS/DHS budgets. Literature has discovered that there are flaws within border security, but they often fail to see how far each administration has come in terms of effectiveness.LITERATURE examineThere is a 2,000 mile geo-political divide between the United States and Mexico, and it has receive one of the most frequently crossed borders in the world. evade security provides safety for a country and is an important mean through wh ich national security is implemented. It is essential to economic prosperity, national sovereignty, and fatherland security (DHS, 2017). march security is responsible for the control and examination of what enters and leaves a country. This aspect is especially important due to current terrorist threats and organized crime. Not only does border security deal with the front end and control of citizens in and out of a country, but they also control the spread of disease and prevent export of weapons, drugs, and endangered animals. The data provided in the literature is mainly focused on the wish of cohesiveness within border security, but they fail to submit what progress has been made. all(prenominal) presidential administration is faced with evolving immigration issues due to globalization. This study will look specifically at the Clinton, Bush, and Obama Administration counselling on their policies on border security and what successful measures were taken.This constantly evolving issue has resulted in literature seeking to explain this phenomenon found on the organisational Design Theory (ODT). ODT contains the contingency theory school of thought. This theory is based on the concept that each situation is different and, in order to be effective, emphasis claims to be placed on the relationship between the environmental variable and the design. (Mintzberg, 1980). A flexible and adaptable adhocracy social organization must be created in order to sufficiently address border security (Lunenburg, 2012). This coincides with the current border security issues the United States faces. The threats and challenges are evolving, therefore, the measures used to effectively address them should be developed based on each different situation.Although border security has been an important aspect of national security since the US butt against declares creation in 1942, it still remains a vague area of study with very little literature within International Relat ions. Overall, there was a substantial lack in coordination, instruction sharing, and synchronization within the border security logistics system (Nieto-Gomez, 2011). Also, due to the lack of consensus among policy makers and law enforcement agencies, policies have been historicly inefficient. Very little literature has been written on the actual train of effectiveness in simile to the growing list of challenges.The Migration Policy Institute created a report in 2011 on the challenges of effective border control in the US. This report highlights one of the major issues within border security by stating that 30-40 percent of the unauthorised immigrants in the United States entered legally, however, they overstay their visas due to poor monitoring (Koslowski, 2011). another(prenominal) issue is one of practicality objects of border control are not nonmoving (Koslowski, 2011).This paper will look at Edward Aldens research on the attempted overhaul of the visa system and the benefit s we have seen (2012). Alden also delves into the challenge of securing a border with a sensible immigration system without weakening the US economy (2012). However, Aldens research focuses on immigration reform or else than birth control device nucleotide (fencing). This study will also look at Josiah Heymans summary on the US-Mexico border and the alternative vision of quality (dangerous entrants) over standard (mass migration enforcement) (2013). However, this author argued that law enforcement at the ports should be border securitys main concern, rather than the areas in between port cities. This study focuses heavily on the vetting of migrants sort of of the issue of illegal immigration.FINDINGS AND ANALYSISImportance of Border Security Border security is an essential component of national security. It is more than just confining territorial access through immigration reform. It also protects states against illegal movement of drugs, weapons, and contraband. Since the fo rmation of sovereign nations, this has been a core action within states, and is seen as one of the most ambitious expansion of power in ripe history. According to the Department of homeland Security, border security is, the act of defend our borders from illegal movement of weapons, drugs, contraband, and people, while promoting lawful entry and exit, is essential to homeland security, economic prosperity, and national sovereignty (2015). Due to growing violence by nonstate groups and transnational terrorism, there has been an overwhelming increase of focus on border security to combat recent national security issues. Weak and permeable borders permit easy entrance into the US for terrorists and smugglers. While completely close the border is not feasible at this time, the ultimate goal is to surmount the possibility of dangerous people point of intersection the border (Koslowski, 2011).ThreatsThe concept of border security has evolved greatly due to the threat of terrorism. The US federal government combats a variety of threats to their border. The main threats include illegal immigrants, organized crime, and terrorism. dirty immigrants aiming to work and live in the US illegally creates a border security concern. Along with illegal entry offences, some unauthorized immigrants kick the bucket involved in transnational crime during their migration.Organized crimes are woeful activities that are planned and controlled by powerful groups and carried out on a large scale (Organized Crime, 2017). These traffickers smuggle drugs, counterfeit goods, people, and firearms into the US. Their crimes included prostitution, commercialized vice, and money laundering. This has been identified as a threat to national security and border security (Ilias, 2011). These individuals are predominately non-ideological and are driven by the pursuit of profit.transnational Terrorist is someone who illegally crosses the border with transformational goals that may include the destruction of a political or economic system. They are motivated by particular grievances about aspects of the society and they articulate their views on moral grounds (Rosenblum, 2013). Although the DHS has no credible information on terrorist groups operating on the US and Mexico border, the threat is still there.The Clinton Administration (1993-2001)This is when the US sees the first initial crackdown on border control. The main concern during this time was the threat of illegal drug import across the Mexico and US border. To combat these challenges, President Clintons strategy included the buildup of the Border Patrol and implementing proceeding Gatekeeper and Safeguards 1993 (OIG, 1998). He allocated funds for 700 new border control agents, deployed underground sensors, infrared night scope, and began the progressive building of the smother between Mexico and the United States. The first formal national border control strategy was created in 1994 (Meissner, 2013). In 1996 , Congress exe cauterizeed the nefarious immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act (IIRAIRA). This Act was created to combat the abundance of double-tongued immigration-related documents, alien smugglers, and increased illegal penalties for racketeering (Meissner, 2013). It further expressed the need for more patrollers, better procedures, and more advanced technology. In addition, Clinton implemented the National Drug Control Strategy to block drugs at the border and cut off drugs at the source. This strategy increased drug enforcement agents for border and springer control of illegal drug trafficking. Their budget for 2000 included more or less $18 billion to further prevent drugs from crossing the US border.We green goddess measure the effectiveness of this Administration by looking at statistics and the progress it has made. This Administration was the first to place a high priority on the removal of criminal aliens. It introduced US governments commitment to al locate more funds for border resources and enforcement infrastructure. The Immigration Enforcement budget rose from less than $3 billion in 1993 to over $6 billion in 2001 (Meissner, 2013). Overall, this Administration made a noticeable effort to restrain illegal immigration and prevent drugs from crossing the border. There was a 2.5% shine in drug relation crimes between 1993 and 2000 (Farley, 2016).The Bush Administration (2001-2009)The Bush Administration was subject to one of the biggest threats to national security. The terrorist attack on September 11, 2001 sparked a transformation in the approaches traditionally used to secure borders and combat terrorism. This Administration strove to create a refreshful border that incorporated advanced tracking technology and extensive prescreening of low-risk traffic (Koslowski, 2011).This Administration implemented many new border security measures after the terrorist attack. One of the biggest changes was the Homeland Security Act of 2002. The Department of Homeland Security (DHS) was created in order to streamline and improve the governments ability to protect their nations infrastructure and borders. It replaced 22 separate agencies to reduce the disconnected nature and create one strong mission. The Bush Administration also implemented the Secure contend Act of 2006. This authorized the construction of almost 700 miles of additional fencing along the southern border (White House, 2008). It also approved more vehicle barriers, checkpoints, and lighting. In conjunction with the DHS, this Act also increased the use of advanced technology like cameras, satellites, and remote-controlled aerial vehicles to reinforce the infrastructure at the border. additionally in 2006, President Bush approved Operation Jump Start. This two year support mission called for 6,000 National Guard members to assist with surveillance, training, and initiation fences (Rosenblum, 2013). Lastly, in 2008, all cross-border travelers were required to present further documents to establish their identity element and citizenship preventing further illegal immigration. To fund these new implementations, the budget for border security and immigration enforcement increased by 159 percent. The budget rose from $4.8 Billion in 2001 to $12.3 Billion in 2008 (White House, 2008).The effectiveness of the measures taken by this administration can be show with statistics. Operation Jump Start apprehended over 5,000 aliens, seized 28,000 pounds of marijuana, and almost 1,500 pounds of cocaine (Operation Jump Start, 2015). The DHS power saw a 20% simplification in apprehension of illegal aliens at the Southern border in 2007 (White House, 2008). This indicates that stronger security has deterred aliens from attempting to cross. Also in 2007, the US Customs and Border protective cover and ICE returned or removed almost 1.2 million illegal aliens from the US and arrested over 3,300 gang members (CBP, 2011).The Obama Administrati on (2009-2017)The Obama Administration saw a decrease in illegal border crossing. This was mostly due to lack of jobs in US resulting from the housing market decline. During the first year of his term, Obama spent time reexamining current programs and prospective options for increased border security (Koslowski, 2011).In 2010, President Obama signed the Southwest Border Security Act. This allocated $600 million in adjuvant funds to support an additional 1,200 National Guard troops and unmanned aircraft drones (Koslowski, 2011). President Obama was given credit for most border security deployed. This is referring to fences or technological and infrastructure improvements. In 2011, the United States Border Patrol reached their highest come up of border patrol agents with 21,444, and the border patrol budget increased significantly from $5.9 billion in 2003 to $11.9 billion in 2013 (Koslowski, 2011).This study measures the effectiveness by looking at statistics. The Obama Administrat ion deported 2.5 million undocumented people during his eighter from Decatur year term. This was more than any other Administration. In 2013, there was an increase of over 27% more apprehensions at the southwest border (414,000) compared to 2011 (Koslowski, 2011). destinationThe security of the border between the United States and Mexico has become a concern of national security due to the massive increase of cross-border flows of goods, people and money. Each US Presidential Administration has made great effort to secure this border and fight the new and evolving threats.Overall, there have been many successful measures implemented by the Clinton, Bush, and Obama Administration. President Clintons Administration inherited a war on the trafficking of drugs and organized crime and combated that with the first large increase of border control agents. The Bush Administration was subject to one of the most historical terrorist attacks in US history and responded by creating the DHS and implemented an overwhelming increase to the border security budget. Bush also built 700 miles of the borders fence. The Obama Administration saw a further increase of the border security budget, growth in immigration enforcement patrollers, and lengthened the border fence.In order to fully reckon how successful these measures were, this study analyzed statistics. More than 4 million deportations of noncitizens have occurred since 1990 (Meissner, 2013). Due to increased border security, the cities along the border that were once plagued with criminal activity have become some of the safest in the United States. sounding at crime rates systematically shows that crimes associated with illegal immigration, like faulting and entering and car theft are down substantially (Meissner, 2013). This indicates that illegal immigration is down. Since 9/11, there have been no publicly cognize instances of a terrorist smuggling Weapons of Mass Destruction to commit a lurid act of terrorism via the US-Mexico border (Customs and Border Protection, 2011). THE USBP made 18,074 drug seizures in 2011 and seized more than $8.4 billion worth of narcotics along the southwest border in 2014 (CBP Security taradiddle, 2014).Finally, illegal crossing from Mexico has fallen near the lowest level since the early 1970s and hiring a smugger to cross the border is now almost eight times more costly than it was in the 1990s. The data to a higher place shows that US Administrations have repeatedly implemented successful measures and have effectively increased border security.REFERENCESAlden, E. (2012). Immigration and Border Control CIAO, 32(1). Retrieved from http//www.ciaonet.org.library3.webster.edu/record/24456?search=1Background to the Office of Inspector General Investigation Operation Gatekeeper (1998). U.S.Department of Justice. Retrieved March 7, 2017, from https//oig.justice.gov/special/9807/gkp01.htmBorder Security citywide Immigration Reform (2008). White House Archives. Ret rievedMarch 6, 2017, from https//georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/infocus/immigration/ hypertext mark-up languageBorder Security Homeland Security. (2015). Retrieved February 18, 2017, from https//www.dhs.gov/border-securityDepartment of Homeland Security (2015). yearly if Immigration Statistics. Retrieved March 7, 2017, from https//www.dhs.gov/immigration-statistics/yearbook/2015/table33Farley, Robert. 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Retrieved March 6, 2017, fromhttps//www.fbi.gov/investigate/organized-crimeRosenblum, Marc R., Jerome P. Bjelopera, Kristin M. Finklea (2013). Border Security Understanding Threats at U.S. Borders. (CRS propound for Congress No. R42969) (pp. 1-33). Retrieved from http//www.au.af.mil.AU/awc/awcgate/crs/r42969.pdfShayerah Ilias, Ian F. Fergusson. (2011). Intellectual Property Rights and International Trade(CRS Report for Congress No. R134292) (pp. 1-42). Retrieved fromhttp//www.au.af.mil/AU/awc/awcgate/crs/rl34292.pdfUS Customs and Border Protection. (2014). CBP Border Security Report (pp. 1-7). HomelandSecurity.